COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ( PDF )

《COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ( PDF )》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ( PDF )（81页珍藏版）》请在凡人图书馆上搜索。

1、 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWAREXLMA Student Learning Outcomes1. Define IT and its two basic categories: hardware and software.2. Describe the categories of computers based on size.3. Compare the roles of personal productivity, vertical market, and horizontal market software.McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGr

2、aw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Student Learning Outcomes1. Describe the roles of operating system software and utility software as components of system software.2. Define the purpose of each of the six major categories of hardware.McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All ri

3、ghts reserved. IntroductionInformation technology any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organizationMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Technology Quick TourHardware physic

4、al devices that make up a computer (or computer system)Software set of instructions that hardware executes to carry out a specific task for youMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Six Categories of Hardware1. Input devices used to enter information and commandsMcGraw

5、-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Six Categories of Hardware1. Output devices hear, see, or otherwise recognize the results of information-processing requestsMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Six Categories of Hardware1. Storage devic

6、es store information for use at a later time (magnetic, optical, flash)McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Six Categories of Hardware1. Processing CPU hardware that interpretsand executes software andcoordinates all hardware RAM temporary holding areafor information

7、 and softwareMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Six Categories of Hardware1. Telecommunications devices send information to and receive it from another person or computer in a networkMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Six Categori

8、es of Hardware1. Connecting devices lets you connect peripherals to your computer, such as Cables Ports Expansion boards Etc.McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Two Major Categories of Software1. Application software enables you to solve specific problems or perform

9、 specific tasksMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Two Major Categories of Software1. System software handles tasks specific to technology management and coordinates the interaction of all technology devices Two main types of system software Operating system softwar

10、e Utility softwareMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of System SoftwareOperating system software controls application software and manages hardware devicesUtility software provides additional functionality to your operating systemAnti-virusScreen saverEtc.McG

11、raw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Productivity SoftwarePersonal productivity software helps you perform personal tasksWriting memos (word processing)Creating graphs (spreadsheet)Creating slide presentations (presentation)Software suite several applications b

12、undled together (usually productivity software) McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vertical & Horizontal Market SoftwareVertical market software application software for a specific industryPatient-scheduling softwareRestaurant management softwareHorizontal market s

13、oftware application software suitable for use in many industriesPayroll, inventory, and billing McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computer Categories (by size)Personal digital assistant (PDA) small handheld computer for personal tasks like appointment scheduling a

14、nd address book maintenanceTablet PC pen-based computer with the functionality of a notebook or desktopNotebook computer small, portable, fully functional, battery-powered computerDesktop computer most popular type of personal computerMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reser

15、ved. Computer Categories (by size)McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.PDA NotebookDesktopTablet PC Computer Categories (by size)Minicomputer (mid-range computer) meets needs of several people simultaneously in a small or medium-sized businessMainframe computer meets

16、needs of hundreds of people in a large businessSupercomputer fastest, most powerful, and most expensive type of computer McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computer Categories (by size)McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Minicompute

17、rsMainframeSupercomputer Grid Computing at GSUPosted: August 31, 2006Associated Press Southern Schools Form Computer GridATLANTA (AP) - It traces the shape of star systems millions of miles away, magnifies the inner workings of the tiny molecules in prescription drugs, and can perform billions of ca

18、lculations per second. Its a high-speed supercomputer grid thats being assembled by a group of Southern universities starting with Georgia State University in Atlanta and Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. Texas A&M will join the list by the fall, and eventually, 24 colleges in 15 states wil

19、l be connected through the network. The project was announced August 11.Whole article at: http:/www2.gsu.edu/wwwexa/news/archive/general/06_0831-computergrid.htm Can You1. Define IT and its two basic categories: hardware and software.2. Describe the categories of computers based on size.3. Compare t

20、he roles of personal productivity, vertical market, and horizontal market software.McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Can You1. Describe the roles of operating system software and utility software as components of system software.2. Define the purpose of each of th

21、e six major categories of hardware.McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software Intellectual InterfacePersonal productivity software helps you perform personal tasksWriting memos (word processing)Creating graphs (spreadsheet)Creating slide presentations (presentatio

22、n)Software suite several applications bundled together (usually productivity software) McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Productivity SoftwareWord processing helps you create letters, memos, and other basic documentsSpreadsheet helps you work with numbers

23、, perform calculations and create graphs Presentation helps you create and edit information that will appear in slidesDesktop publishing extends word processing by including design and formatting techniques to enhance the appearance of the documentMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

24、 rights reserved. Personal Productivity SoftwarePersonal information management (PIM) helps you create and maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, etc. Personal finance helps you maintain your checkbook and handle other personal finance tasks Web authoring helps you design and develop Web sit

25、es Graphics helps you create and edit photos and artCommunications helps you communicate with othersMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Productivity SoftwareDatabase management system (DBMS) helps you specify the logical organization for a database; access

26、and use the information within a database The focus ofChapter 3Extended Learning Module CExtended Learning Module JMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Vertical & Horizontal Market SoftwareVertical market software application software for a specific industryPatient-s

27、cheduling softwareRestaurant management softwareHorizontal market software application software suitable for use in many industriesPayroll, inventory, and billing McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. System SoftwareOperating system software Microsoft Windows VistaMac

28、 OSLinux open-source operating system McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MultitaskingMultitasking working with more than one application at a timeMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Utility SoftwareUtility Software adds functionali

29、ty to operating system softwareAnti-virus software detects and removes or quarantines computer virusesCrash-proof software helps save information if your system crashesUninstaller software removes software from your hard disk Disk optimization software organizes information on your hard diskSpam blo

30、cker filters unwanted e-mailMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hardware Physical InterfaceRepresentation of informationBinary digit (bit) smallest unit of information your computer can processByte eight bits or the number of bits it takes to represent one natural c

31、haracter ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) coding system that personal computers use McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Information RepresentationMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Input DevicesMcGr

32、aw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Input DevicesMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Input Devices Information & CommandsKeyboards most frequently input devices for notebooks and desktops to enter information and commandsStylus m

33、ost frequently used input devices for PDAs and tablet PCs to enter information and commands McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Input Devices CommandsPointing Device used to input commandsMouse device you use to click on icons and buttonsTrackball similar to a mecha

34、nical mouse, but with the ball on top McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Input Devices CommandsTouchpad dark rectangle you use to move the cursor with your fingerPointing stick a little rod, used mostly on notebooks McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

35、All rights reserved.Photo from Input Devices Game ControllersGame controller used for gaming to control screen actionGaming wheel steering wheel and foot pedals for virtual driving McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Photo from Input Devices Game ControllersJoystick

36、controls action with a vertical handle and programmable buttonsGamepad device with programmable buttons, thumb sticks, and a directional pad McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Photo from ScannersScanners used to convert information that exists in visible form into e

37、lectronic formImage scanner captures images, photos, text, and artwork Bar code scanner reads information in the form of vertical bars McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Photo from ScannersOptical mark reader detects the presence or absence of a markOptical characte

38、r reader reads characters that appear on paper or sales tag (used in POS systems) Biometric scanner scans a human physical attribute, like a fingerprint or iris, for security purposes McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Photo from Digital CamerasDigital camera captur

39、es still image or video as a series of 1s and 0sDigital still camera digitally captures still images in varying resolutionsDigital video camera captures video digitallyWebcam captures digital video for the Web McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Output Device

40、sMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Output Devices - MonitorsMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. MonitorsCRT monitors that look like traditional TV setsFlat-panel display thin, lightweight monitors that take up much less spa

41、ce than CRTs McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Monitors Two types of flat-panel displays1. Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor sends electricity through crystallized liquid between layers of glass or plastic 2. Gas plasma display sends electricity through gas tra

42、pped between layers of glass or plastic McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Monitor ConsiderationsViewable image size (VIS) the size of the image on a monitorResolution of a screen the number of pixels it hasPixels (picture elements) the dots that make up the imageD

43、ot pitch the distance between the centers of two like-colored pixels McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. PrintersMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. PrintersResolution of a printer the number of dots per square inch (dpi) it produce

44、sTypesInkjet printer makes images by forcing ink through nozzlesLaser printer forms images using the same electrostatic process that photocopiers useMultifunction printer scan, copy, and fax, as well as printPlotter forms output by moving pen across paper McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies,

45、Inc. All rights reserved. Common Storage DevicesMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Capacity of Storage DevicesMegabyte (MB or M or Meg) about 1 million bytesGigabyte (GB or Gig) about 1 billion bytesTerabyte (TB) about 1 trillion bytes McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-H

46、ill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Magnetic Storage MediaHard disk magnetic storage with one or more thin metal platters sealed inside the drive McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Optical Storage MediaMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All right

47、s reserved. Optical Storage MediaOptical storage media plastic discs on which information is stored, deleted, and changed using laser technologyTwo typesCDsDVDs McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CDsCD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) information cannot be chang

48、edCD-R (compact disc recordable) write one time onlyCD-RW (compact disc rewritable) save, change, and delete files repeatedly McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. DVDsDVD-ROM high capacity; information cannot be changedDVD-R or DVD+R (DVD recordable) high capacity; w

49、rite one time onlyDVD-RW or DVD+R (depending on manufacturer) save, change, delete repeatedly McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Flash Memory Devices & CardsFlash memory device very small storage device that plugs into USB portFlash memory card high capacity storag

50、e laminated inside a small piece of plastic McGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Photo from Common Types of Flash MemoryMcGraw-Hill 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Flash Memory CardsxD-Picture (xD) card rectangular; smaller than a penny and a