BS EN 131-2-2010
raising standards worldwide™NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 131-2:2010LaddersPart 2: Requirements, testing, markingLicensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 131-2:2010. Itsupersedes BS EN 131-2:1993 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/512, Ladders.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication.© BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 68988 8ICS 97.145Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2010Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedLicensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM EN 131-2 June 2010 ICS 97.145 Supersedes EN 131-2:1993English Version Ladders - Part 2: Requirements, testing, marking Échelles - Partie 2: Exigences, essais, marquage Leitern - Teil 2: Anforderungen, Prüfung, Kennzeichnung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 May 2010. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 131-2:2010: ELicensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EN 131-2:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Requirements .7 4.1 General 7 4.2 Materials .7 4.3 Design 11 4.4 Surface finish 12 4.5 Hinges (turning points) 12 4.6 Opening restraints 12 4.7 Rungs/steps/platforms . 12 4.8 Platform . 14 4.9 Antiskid devices 14 4.10 Extending and sectional ladders . 14 5 Testing . 14 5.1 General . 14 5.2 Strength test of stiles . 15 5.3 Bending test of the stiles . 15 5.4 Lateral deflection test of the ladder 16 5.5 Bottom stile ends test 17 5.6 Vertical load on rungs, steps and platforms 18 5.7 Torsion test of rungs and steps 19 5.8 Test of opening restraints and hinges of standing ladders . 20 5.9 Test for ladder rung/step hooks of extending ladders and combination ladders . 21 5.10 Kick-up test of the platform of standing ladders . 22 5.11 Feet pull test 23 5.12 Test on hand-/kneerails 25 5.13 Maximum extension of ladder . 27 5.14 3-part combination ladder in A-position test . 27 5.15 Torsion on ladder length 27 5.16 Test methods for plastic ladders 29 6 Marking and user instructions 33 7 Certification . 33 Annex A (normative) Test sequence 34 Annex B (informative) A-deviations 35 Bibliography . 38 Licensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EN 131-2:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 131-2:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 93 “Ladders”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 131-2:1993. This standard is a revised version of EN 131-2:1993. Compared to the version EN 131-2:1993 the following modifications have been made: The specifications for plastics in 4.2.3, for wood in 4.2.4 and the test methods in Clause 5 have been completely revised. This European Standard is one of a series about ladders. The other standards of this series are listed in Clause 2 and in the Bibliography. On stability tests and ladder classes no consensus could be reached. These issues will be addressed in the next revision. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EN 131-2:2010 (E) 4 Introduction Due to the unhomogeneity of the material wood, special requirements have been appropriated on this item. Licensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EN 131-2:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the general design features, requirements and test methods for portable ladders. It does not apply to step stools or ladders for specific professional use such as firebrigade ladders, roof ladders and mobile ladders. It does not apply to ladders used for work on or near live electrical systems or installations. For this purpose EN 61478 applies. NOTE For insulating ladders for use on or near low voltage electrical installations in the range below 1000 V a.c or 1 500 V d.c. EN 50528 is under preparation. This European Standard is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 131-1. For single or multiple hinge joint ladders EN 131-4 applies. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 59, Glass reinforced plastics — Measurement of hardness by means of a Barcol impressor EN 131-1:2007, Ladders — Part 1: Terms, types, functional sizes EN 131-3, Ladders — Part 3: User Instructions EN 204, Classification of thermoplastic wood adhesives for non-structural applications EN 301, Adhesives, phenolic and aminoplastic, for load-bearing timber structures — Classification and performance requirements EN 385, Finger jointed structural timber — Performance requirements and minimum production requirements EN 386:2001, Glued laminated timber — Performance requirements and minimum production requirements EN 391:2001, Glued laminated timber — Delamination test of glue lines EN 392, Glued laminated timber — Shear test of glue lines EN 408, Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some physical and mechanical properties EN 844-9:1997, Round and sawn timber — Terminology — Part 9: Terms relating to features of sawn timber EN 1310, Round and sawn timber — Method of measurement of features EN 61478, Live working — Ladders of insulating material (IEC 61478:2001) EN ISO 179-1, Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties — Part 1: Non-instrumented impact test (ISO 179-1:2000) Licensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EN 131-2:2010 (E) 6 EN ISO 527-1, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 1: General principles (ISO 527-1:1993 including Corr 1:1994) EN ISO 527-2, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics (ISO 527-2:1993 including Corr 1:1994) EN ISO 3834-1, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 1: Criteria for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements (ISO 3834-1:2005) EN ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements (ISO 3834-2:2005) EN ISO 3834-3, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Standard quality requirements (ISO 3834-3:2005) EN ISO 3834-4, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 4: Elementary quality requirements (ISO 3834-4:2005) EN ISO 4892-2:2006, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps (ISO 4892-2:2006) EN ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature (ISO 6892-1:2009) EN ISO 14125, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of flexural properties (ISO 14125:1998) EN ISO 14731, Welding coordination — Tasks and responsibilities (ISO 14731:2006) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 131-1:2007 and the following apply. 3.1 thermoset plastic plastic that has been cured by heat or by other means such as radiation, catalysts, etc., into a substantially infusible and insoluble state [EN ISO 472:2001] 3.2 composite material crosslinkable resin-based material with a continuous reinforcement fibre as filler (e.g. fibreglass) 3.3 thermoplastic material plastic material other than thermoset plastic or composite with or without filler and with or without rein-forcement 3.4 maximal total load maximum weight that the ladder is designed to support when set up in accordance with the manufacturer s instruction Licensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EN 131-2:2010 (E) 7 4 Requirements 4.1 General The requirements are based upon a maximum total load of 150 kg. Ladders are determined to be used by one person at a time but this excludes any person footing (stabilising) the ladder. 4.2 Materials 4.2.1 Aluminium — alloy All load bearing parts made of aluminium alloy shall have an elongation A5at rupture measured according to EN ISO 6892-1 of minimum 5 %. All load bearing parts made of aluminium alloy shall have a thickness of at least 1,2 mm. 4.2.2 Steel If cold rolled steel or a special alloy-steel is used the ratio between 0,2 % yield-stress and ultimate strength (Rp0,2/Rm) shall be lower than 0,92. All load bearing parts made of steel shall have a thickness of at least 1,0 mm. 4.2.3 Plastics Glass-fibre reinforced plastics shall be protected against penetration of water and dirt. The surface shall be smooth. The fibres shall be embedded. The Barcol hardness according to EN 59 shall be at least 35. The test methods and acceptance criteria for defining the characteristics of the composite and reinforced thermoplastic materials are given in 5.16. They apply to the load-bearing elements (stiles, climbing supports, platforms) of the structure of ladders at time of use. Thermoplastic materials without reinforcements shall not be used for load bearing-elements. The minimum thickness for load-bearing elements made of thermoset plastics and composite material is 2 mm. When using plastics materials, ageing and temperature resistance shall be taken into account. 4.2.4 Timber 4.2.4.1 Different kind of timber For stiles, stanchions, braces, rungs and steps the types of timber to be used shall have a bulk density greater than or equal to 450 kg/m3for softwoods and 690 kg/m3for hardwoods. The bulk density shall be measured with a moisture content of 15 %. Examples of suitable species of wood are: Softwood: Fir (Abies alba) Larch (Larix decidua) Spruce (Picea abies) Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Licensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIBS EN 131-2:2010EN 131-2:2010 (E) 8 Oregon pine (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) Hardwood: Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Ash (Fraxisnus excelsior) Oak (Quercus robur) Robina (Robinia pseudoacacia) Other types of timber having at least the same quality as the mentioned above are permitted too. The following species of wood are not permitted for the production of ladders: Parana Pine (Araucaria angustifolia O.Ktze.) Hem Fir (Abies magnifica) and Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). 4.2.4.2 General requirements The general requirements are given in Table 1. Table 1 — General requirements Hard-wood Soft-wood Criteria Requirements X X 1. Wane Only permitted for stiles on one edge for a max. depth of 10 mm with a max. length of 500 mm. It is not permitted for rungs (see Figure 1). X X X 2. Width of annual rings 4 mm Pitch pine: 6 mm at a bulk density of 550 kg/m3. For ring porous hardwoods 1 mm not permitted e.g. oak (Quercus sp.), ash (Fraxinus sp.) robinia (Robinia sp.). X X 3. Slope of annual rings A deviation of the slope of annual rings from the longitudinal edges of the wood of 100 mm per 1 000 mm maximum is admissible (see Figure 2). Local deviation e. g at knot positions, are neglected. X X 4. Shakes — splitsa not permitted — checksa 100 mm length Lightning/frost shakes, Ring shake not permitted 5. Colour X Blue stain Permitted X Red streakes permitted up to 25 % of the surface X Red rot, brown rot not permitted X Red heart of beech, brown heart of ash Permitted X Doty wood not permitted X X 6. Reaction wood admissible until 1/5 of the cross section or of the surface X X 7. Pith not permitted X 8. Defects caused by insects not permitted X X 9. Mistletoe traces not permitted X 10. Resin pockets not continuous permitted until 4 mm width and 1,5 × width of the stiles (see Figure 3) Licensed Copy: Brighton University User, The University of Brighton, 21/10/2010 22:57, Uncontrolled
标准图书馆