ASTM E987-88 (Reapproved 2017)

Designation: E987 − 88 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Methods forDeglazing Force of Fenestration Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of elementsof fenestration products such as operating (or removable)window sashes, storm sashes, and sliding glass door panels(hereafter referred to as sash members) to forces tending todeglaze the construction.1.2 These test methods utilize concentrated loads applied tothe interior side of a sash member in a manner simulatingnormal opening and closing forces. Removable sashes areloaded to simulate handling for removal and cleaning.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard:2E631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology E631.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bite—the distance from the edge of the glazing mate-rial to the sight line.3.2.2 deglazing—the movement of a sash member from itsoriginal position in relation to the glazing material. Deglazingis expressed as a percentage of the original (before testing)glazing “bite.”3.2.3 deglazing force—the force required to obtain thedeglazing measured.4. Significance and Use4.1 Under normal usage, deglazing loads are generallyapplied parallel to the plane of the glazing material andeccentric to the sash element when it is opened, closed, or liftedout of the frame. When operating hardware is present, torsionalforces may be increased. Opening and closing forces arenormally applied from the interior side only. Sliding glass doorpanels are activated from both sides.4.2 The ability of fenestration products to resist deglazingforces may vary with a number of factors. These factors shouldbe considered when selecting test specimens or when interpret-ing test results. Bedding compounds in newly assembledsashes may not reach full strength until they have been allowedto cure for several days or weeks. Some sash materials aresubject to shrinkage at low temperatures and increased elastic-ity at high temperatures. Therefore, a sash containing thesematerials may exhibit a range of deglazing resistance due tovarying temperature conditions. Normal manufacturing toler-ances and clearances in sash members and glazing materialsmay also affect deglazing resistance. Further, although fenes-tration products are designed to operate within certain forcelimits, improper installation, wear, and abuse may increase theforces necessary for sash operation.4.3 When determining which members of a given sash shallbe tested for deglazing resistance, consideration must be givento the manner in which the sash may be operated whennormally installed. Handles and lift devices are usually locatedon the sash for the convenience of the operator and thereforedictate the normal direction of operation.4.4 Test Method A presents a technique for actual measure-ment of the deglazing forces of an individual sash member.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E987 – 88 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/E0987-88R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.5 Test Method B presents a technique for measuring thedeglazing force of two opposite members. This test method isintended for quality control measurements.5. Apparatus5.1 Hydraulic or Pneumatic Ram, or an equivalent capableof producing at least a 100-lbf (445-N) force when connectedto a hydraulic pump or compressed air supply, or an equivalentof suitable capacity. The ram piston extension can be fitted toallow the addition of extensions to accommodate the width orlength of the specimen to be tested.5.1.1 Sliding Contact Shoe, to be fitted on either end of theram, as shown in Fig. 1.5.1.1.1 For Test Method A, only one shoe is required, sincethe opposing force will be dissipated against a stationarysupport.5.1.1.2 For Test Method B, two contact shoes are required togenerate the opposing forces against opposite sash members.5.1.2 Force Gage, capable of measuring force to an accu-racy of 61.0 lbf (64.5 N).5.1.2.1 The apparatus, including the gage system, shall becalibrated and a calibration curve prepared every 6 monthscorrelating gage readings to pounds-force generated.5.2 Extensometers, capable of being read to an accuracy of0.01 in. (0.25 mm), required to measure the deflection of themembers under test. One extensometer is required for TestMethod A and two extensometers are required for Test MethodB.6. Test Specimen6.1 Submit the test specimen glazed in accordance with themanufacturer’s standard practices for the window sash or thedoor panel to be tested. The test specimen shall be of themaximum width and maximum height for which the test datais to be determined.6.2 The sash or panel members to be included in this test arethose having integral pull provisions, and those having nointegral pull provisions, but fitted with handles, latches, orother means that might be used to operate the window or door.Removable window sashes, because of their inherent capabilityof being lifted by any sash surround, shall be tested on all foursash surround members.6.2.1 Test sliding glass door panels from both the interiorand exterior side on the stile containing the lockingmechanism, necessitating the submission of at least two panelsfor each door tested.6.3 Acclimate the test specimen to the ambient conditionsunder which the test shall be conducted.7. Procedures7.1 Test Method A:7.1.1 Provide a reaction fixture capable of withstanding atleast the anticipated maximum deglazing load to be achieved.The fixture shall be designed so that when the ram is attached,the ram will be perpendicular to the member under test at thecenter point of the member, and parallel to the plane of glazing.7.1.2 Support the test specimen, with the side to whichmanual force is normally applied to operate the sash facingupward, on (at least) two 2 by 4-in. (51 by 102-mm) woodensupports located under the glass or other glazing material. Twoof the wooden supports shall be located within 1 in. (25.4 mm)of each of the parallel sash members and be of sufficient lengthto extend within 1 in. of each perpendicular sash member.7.1.3 Provide a mechanical stop at each corner of the testspecimen to prevent movement of the test specimen in thedirection of loading. The mechanical stops shall not engage thetest specimen for more than1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) from the cornerof the specimen.7.1.4 Adjust the ram assembly to the appropriate lengthwith the ram extenders so that the contact shoe is within1⁄2 in.(12.7 mm) of the member to be tested. Install the ram onto thereaction fixture (in accordance with 7.1.1) so that the ram isperpendicular to the member under test and parallel to theplane of glazing. The centerline of the contact shoe mustcorrespond to the centerline of the sash member being tested.1—Hydraulic ram foot. The dimensions are not critical.2—Aluminum block, 11⁄4 by2by3⁄8 in. (32 by 50 by 10 mm)3—Attachment bolt,1⁄4 in. (6 mm)FIG. 1 Sliding Contact Deglazing ShoeE987 − 88 (2017)27.1.5 Place an extensometer at the center of the sashmember under test to measure the deflection of the memberwhen the load is applied.7.1.6 Mark the glazing bite at the point where the shoe willmake contact with the sash member.7.1.7 Apply the required specification load for 30 s, measureand record the extensometer reading (Le), and release the load.The loading period required to achieve the specified loadshould not exceed 15 s.7.1.8 Remove the sash member under the test from theglazing material, being careful not to break the glazingmaterial. Measure the distance from the mark described in7.1.6 to the edge of the glazing material. Record this measure-ment as the glazing bite (Lb).7.2 Test Method B:7.2.1 Support the test specimen, with the side to whichmanual force is normally applied to operate the sash facingupward, on (at least) two 2 by 4-in. (51 by 102-mm) woodensupports located under the glazing material and parallel to thesash members under test. Two of the wooden supports shall belocated within 1 in. (25.4 mm) of each of the parallel sashmembers and be of sufficient length to extend within 1 in. ofeach perpendicular sash member.7.2.2 Adjust the ram assembly to the appropriate lengthwith the ram extenders so that the contact shoes are within1.5 in. (38.1 mm) of the members to be tested. Install the ramassembly onto the glass so that the centerline of the contactshoes correspond to the centerlines of the sash members beingtested.7.2.3 Place an extensometer at the center of each sashmember under test to measure the deflection of the memberwhen the load is applied.7.2.4 Mark the glazing at the point where the contact shoeswill make contact with the sash members.7.2.5 Apply the required specification load for 30 s, measureand record the extensometer readings (Le), and release the load.The loading period required to achieve the specified loadshould not exceed 15 s.7.2.6 Remove the sash members under test from the glazingmaterial, being careful not to break the glazing material.Measure the distance from the marks described in 7.2.4 to theedge of the glazing. Record these measurements as the glazingbite (Lb).8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the percentage deglazed for the member undertest as follows:Dx5LeLb~100! (1)where:Dx= percent deglazed at load x applied to the sash member,x = load applied at which Leis measured, lbf (N),Lb= original depth of bite on the glazing material, in. (mm),andLe= movement of the sash member under x, lbf (N).9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Manufacturer’s name and address of the window sashor door panel.9.1.2 Name and address of the testing agency.9.1.3 Type and thickness of the glazing material(s) used inthe test specimen.9.1.4 Drawing or complete description of the sash memberstested. Dimensions on drawings shall be verified by the testingagency.9.1.5 Complete description of the glazing system, includingcomponent materials, such as backbedding compound, glazingcompound, gasketing, etc. When such a description includesdrawings, dimensions shall be verified by the testing agency.9.1.6 Tabulation of the loads applied, the percentage ofdeglazing observed under those loads, and the test methodsused.9.1.7 Statement that the tests were performed in accordancewith these test methods; or, if any deviation was used, atreatment describing the deviation.10. Precision and Bias10.1 The precision and bias of these test methods have notbeen established.As soon as statistically valid data is compiled,precision and bias will be stated.11. Keywords11.1 deglazing loads; deglazing resistance; doors; slidingglass doors; storm sashes; window sashesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/E987 − 88 (2017)3